References
                                                   March 15, 1995
                                                   Page
         MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG): SELECTED REFERENCES
                                
    SUFFICIENT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MSG PLACES HUMANS AT RISK
                                
               Compiled by Adrienne Samuels, Ph.D.
                                
                         August 15, 1995
                                
                                
Allen, D.H., Delohery, J., & Baker, G.J.  Monosodium L-glutamate-
induced asthma.  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 80:
No 4, 530-537, 1987.

Allen, D.H., and Baker, G.J. Chinese-restaurant asthma.  N Engl J
Med. 305: 1154-1155, 1981.

Anderson, S.A., and Raiten, D.J. Safety of amino acids used as
dietary supplements.  Prepared for the Food and Drug
Administration under contract No FDA 223-88-2124 by the Life
Sciences Research Office, FASEB. July, 1992. Available from:
Special Publications, FASEB, Rockville, MD.

Asnes, R.S. Chinese restaurant syndrome in an infant.  Clin
Pediat. 19: 705-706, 1980.

Beal, M.F.  Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic diseases.
FASEB J. 6: 3338-3344; 1992.

Blaylock, R.L.  Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills  Santa Fe,
Health Press, 1994.

Broadwell, R.D., and Sofroniew, M.V. Serum proteins bypass the
blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central
nervous system.  Exp Neurol. 120: 245-263, 1993.

Choi, D.W., and Rothman. S.M. The role of glutamate neurotoxicity
in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci. 13: 171-
182, 1990.

Choi, D.W. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glutamate--too much
of a good thing?  Letter. N Engl J Med. 326: 1493-1495, 1992.

Cochran, J.W., and Cochran A.H. Monosodium glutamania: the
Chinese restaurant syndrome revisited. JAMA. 252: 899, 1984.

Colman, A.D. Possible psychiatric reactions to monosodium
glutamate. N Engl J Med. 299: 902, 1978.

During, M.J., and Spencer, D.D. Extracellular hippocampal
glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain.
Lancet 341: 1607-1610, 1993.

Elman, R. The intravenous use of protein and protein hydroly
sates. Ann New York Acad Sc. 47: 345-357, 1946.
Fisher, K.N., Turner, R.A., Pineault, G., Kleim, J., and Saari,
M.J.  The postweaning housing environment determines expression
of learning deficit associated with neonatal monosodium glutamate
(M.S.G.).  Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 13(5):507-13, 1991.

Freed, D.L.J. and Carter, R. Neuropathy due to monosodium
glutamate intolerance. Annals of Allergy. 48: 96-97, 1982.

Frieder, B. and Grimm, V.E. Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG)
treatment given through the mother's diet causes behavioral
deficits in rat offspring. Intern J Neurosci. 23: 117-126, 1984.

Frieder, B. and Grimm, V.E. Prenatal monosodium glutamate.
Neurochem. 48: 1359-1365, 1987.

Gann, D. Ventricular tachycardia in a patient with the "Chinese
restaurant syndrome." Southern Medical J. 70: 879-880, 1977.

Gao, J., Wu, J., Zhao, X.N., Zhang, W.N., Zhang, Y.Y., and Zhang,
Z.X. [Transplacental neurotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate
on structures and functions of specific brain areas of filial
mice.] Sheng Li Hsueh Pao Acta Physiologica Sinica. 46(1):44-51,
1994.

Gordon, W.P. Neurotoxic theory of infantile autism.  In:
Neurobiology of infantile autism. Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Neurobiology of Infantile Autism,
Tokyo, 10-11 November 1990.  Eds H. Naruse and E.M. Ornitz.
Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1992.

Gore, M.E., and Salmon, P.R. Chinese restaurant syndrome: fact or
fiction. Lancet. 1(8162): 251, 1980.

Kenney, R.A. The Chinese restaurant syndrome: an anecdote
revisited.  Fd Chem Toxic. 24: 351-354, 1986.

Kenney, R.A. and Tidball, C.S.  Human susceptibility to oral
monosodium L-glutamate.  Am J Clin Nutr. 25: 140-146, 1972.

Kubo, T, Kohira, R., Okano, T., and Ishikawa, K.  Neonatal
glutamate can destroy the hippocampal CA1 structure and impair
discrimination learning in rats.  Brain Research. 616: 311-314,
1993.

Levey, S., Harroun, J.E. and Smyth, C.J. Serum glutamic acid
levels and the occurrence of nausea and vomiting after
intravenous administration of amino acid mixtures. J Lab Clin
Med. 34: 1238-1248, 1949.


Lipton, S.A., and Rosenberg, P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a
final common pathway for neurologic disorders.  N Engl J Med.
330: 613-622, 1994.

Lynch, J.F. Jr., Lewis, L.M., Hove, E.L., and Adkins, J.S.
Division of Nutrition, FDA, Washington, D.C. 20204. Effect of
monosodium L-glutamate on development and reproduction in rats.
Fed Proc. 29: 567Abs, 1970.

Lynch, J.F., Jr., Lewis, L.M., and Adkins, J.S. (Division of
Nutrition, FDA, Washington, D.C. 20204). Monosodium glutamate-
induced hyperglycemia in weanling rats. J S Fed Proc. 31: 1477,
1971.

Martinez F., Castillo, J. Rodriguez, J.R., Leira, R., and Noya,
M. Neuroexcitatory amino acid levels in plasma and cerebrospinal
fluid during migraine attacks.  Cephalalgia 13(2):89-93, 1993.

Neumann, H.H. Soup? It may be hazardous to your health. Am Heart
J. 92: 266, 1976.

Oliver. A.J., Rich, A.M., Reade, P.C., Varigos, G.A., and Radden,
B.G. Monosodium glutamate-related orofacial granulomatosis.
Review and case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 71: 560-
564, 1991.

Olney, J.W. Excitotoxin mediated neuron death in youth and old
age.  In: Progress in Brain Research, Vol 86, ed P. Coleman, G.
Higgins, and C. Phelps, pp 37-51.  New York: Elsevier, 1990.

Olney, J.W. Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric
disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 30: 47-71, 1990.

Olney, J.W. Excitatory amino acids and neuropsychiatric
disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 26: 505-525, 1989.

Olney, J.W., Ho, O.L., and Rhee, V. Brain-damaging potential of
protein hydrolysates. N Engl J Med. 289: 391-393, 1973.

Olney, J.W., Labruyere, J., and DeGubareff, T. Brain damage in
mice from voluntary ingestion of glutamate and aspartate.
Neurobehav  Toxicol. 2: 125-129, 1980.

Olney, J.W., Ho, O.L.  Brain damage in infant mice following oral
intake of glutamate, aspartate or cystine.  Nature. (Lond) 227:
609-611, 1970.

Olney, J.W. Glutamate-induced retinal degeneration in neonatal
mice.  Electron-microscopy of the acutely evolving lesion.  J
Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 28: 455-474, 1969.
Olney, J.W. Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in
mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science. 164: 719-721,
1969.

Pohl, R., Balon, R., and Berchou, R.  Reaction to chicken nuggets
in a patient taking an MAOI. Am J Psychiatry. 145: 651, 1988.

Pradhan, S.N., Lynch, J.F., Jr. Behavioral changes in adult rats
treated with monosodium glutamate in the neonatal state. Arch Int
Pharmacodyn Ther. 197: 301-304, 1972.

Price, M.T., Olney, J.W., Lowry, O.H. and Buchsbaum, S. Uptake of
exogenous glutamate and aspartate by circumventricular organs but
not other regions of brain. J Neurochem. 36:1774-1780, 1981.

Ratner, D., Esmel, E., and Shoshani, E. Adverse effects of
monosodium glutamate: a diagnostic problem. Israel J Med Sci. 20:
252-253, 1984.

Reif-Lehrer, L. A questionnaire study of the prevalence of
chinese restaurant syndrome.  Fed Proc. 36:1617-1623, 1977.

Reif-Lehrer, L. Possible significance of adverse reactions to
glutamate in humans. Federation Proceedings. 35: 2205-2211, 1976.

Reif-Lehrer, L. and  Stemmermann, M.B. Correspondence: Monosodium
glutamate intolerance in children.  N Engl J Med. 293: 1204-1205,
1975.

Rothstein, J.D., Martin, L.J., and Kuncl, R.W. Decreased
glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 326: 1464-1468, 1992.

Said, S.I., Berisha, H., and Pakbaz, H. NMDA receptors in the
lung: activation triggers acute injury that is prevented by NO
synthase inhibitor and by VIP. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts
20:1994.

Samuels, A.  Excitatory amino acids in neurologic disorders:
letter to the editor.  N Engl J Med. 331: 274-275, 1994.

Samuels, A. Monosodium L-glutamate: a double-blind study and
review.  Letter to the editor.  Food and Chemical Toxicology. 31:
1019-1035, 1993.

Sathave, N. and Bodnar, R.J. Dissociation of opioid and nonopioid
analgesic responses following adult monosodium glutamate
pretreatment. Physiology and Behavior. 46: 217-222, 1989.


Sauber, W.J. What is Chinese restaurant syndrome? Lancet.
1(8170): 721-722, 1980.

Schainker, B., and Olney, J.W. Glutamate-type hypothalamic-
pituitary syndrome in mice treated with aspartate or cysteate in
infancy. J Neural Transmission. 35: 207-215, 1974.

Schaumburg, H.H., Byck, R., Gerstl, R., and Mashman, J.H.
Monosodium L-glutamate: its pharmacology and role in the Chinese
Restaurant Syndrome.  Science. 163: 826-828, 1969.

Scher, W., and Scher, B.M. A possible role for nitric oxide in
glutamate (MSG)-induced Chinese restaurant syndrome, glutamate-
induced asthma, 'Hot-dog headache', pugilistic Alzheimer's
disease, and other disorders. Medical hypotheses. 38: 185-188,
1992.

Schinko, I. In: Cerebrospinalflussigkeit--csf, ed D. Dommasch and
H.G. Mertens, pp 66-78. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1980.

Schwartz, G.R. In Bad Taste: The MSG Syndrome. Santa Fe: Health
Press, 1988.

Scopp, A.L. MSG and hydrolyzed vegetable protein induced
headache: review and case studies. Headache. 31:107-110, 1991.

Spencer, P.S. Guam ALS/Parkinsonism-dementia: a long-latency
neurotoxic disorder caused by "slow toxin(s) in food?  Can J
Neurol Sci. 14: 347-357, 1987.

Spencer, P.S. Environmental excitotoxins and human
neurodegeneration. Conference on excitotoxic amino acids, London,
November, 1991.  (Peter S. Spencer, Center for research on
occupational and environmental toxicology, Oregon Health Sciences
University, Portland, Oregon  97201 USA)

Spencer, P.S. Western pacific ALS-parkinsonism-dementia: A model
of neuronal aging triggered by environmental toxins.  In
Parkinsonism and Aging, ed D.B. Calne et al., pp 133-144. New
York: Raven Press, 1989.

Spencer, P.S., Ross, S.M., Kisby, G., and Roy, D.N. Western
pacific ALS: putative role of cycad toxins.  In: Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis: Current Clinical and Pathophysiological
Evidence for Differences in Etiology, ed J.A. Hudson. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1990.




Spencer, P.S.  Linking cycad to the etiology of western pacific
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: ALS. New Advances in
Toxicology and Epidemiology, ed F.C. Rose and F.H. Norris. Smith-
Gordon, 1990.

Spencer, P.S. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor
neuron diseases. In: Advances in Neurology, Vol 56, ed L.P.
Rowland. New York: Raven Press, 1991.

Squire, E.N. Jr. Angio-oedema and monosodium glutamate. Lancet.
988, 1987.

Taniyama, K. [Central autonomic mechanism and neurotransmitters].
Nippon Rinsho.  Japanese J Clin Medicine.  50: 680-685, 1992.

Walton, R.G., Hudak, R., and Green-Waite, R.J. Adverse reactions
to aspartame: double-blind challenge in patients from a
vulnerable population.  Biol Psychiatry 34:13-17, 1993.
(Aspartame is an MSG agonist, causing brain lesions and
neuroendocrine disorders in laboratory animals identical to those
caused by MSG, and causing human adverse reactions some of which
are identical to those caused by MSG.)

Weindl, A. Neuroendocrine aspects of circumventricular organs.
In: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, ed W.F. Ganong and L.
Martin. pp3-32. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.